Essay on Theory of Analytical Psychology - 2821 Words

Running head: Theory of Analytical Psychology Research Paper PSYC 341 Carl Jung’s Theory of Analytical Psychology Psychology of Personality By A. M. Barnett January 17, 2006 Abstract Carl Gustav Jung was bone July 26, 1875 (Feist and Feist, 2002). He was blessed to be surrounded by an educated family, including clergymen. Carl Jung as a young man was a colleague of Freud. His life’s work was exploring the unconscious. Freud’s theory of the unconscious made the unconscious sound unpleasant. It involved crazy desires, incestuous cravings, and frightening experiences that would come back to haunt a person. Based on Freud’s theory, one would understandably be terrified of making the unconscious conscious. Jung,†¦show more content†¦Jung observed psychotic patients as they were confronted with the task of responding to a list of 50 words. He compared their delusional ideas to myths trying to understand them. Shortly after, he left the hospital position, and broke away from Freud. He began to analyze his own dreams and fantasies in order to further confirm this hypothetical other layer of the unconscious. He began to focus on br oader collective elements he called archetypes. Jung believed that archetypes had a regulatory function beyond the sexual drive. His primary treatment for his patients involved treatment of their unconscious. Jung believed that the archetypal images were the principal structural elements of the unconscious that was express in myths and other collective narratives. His major therapeutic technique was drawing parallels between the archetypal images and his patients’ dreams and fantasies. Delving into psychology more in depth initiated speculations by Freud and Jung and left the specific synaptic and neural materialization of unconscious processes to be inferred. In an attempt to avoid the problem of dualistic thinking and of treating the mind as separate from the body without relying on known data, Jung’s speculation about unconscious archetypes united drives and spirit, matter and psyche, reached for solutions tying human behavior to genetic predispositions. (Eks trom, 2004) Jung believed that people retreated into infantileShow MoreRelatedSternberg s Triarchic Theory Of Human Intelligence867 Words   |  4 PagesSternberg s Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence History of the Intelligence Theory The history of Sternberg s Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence can be traced back to 1977, 1985, and 1995. Robert Sternberg s principal proponent of this intelligence theory. He developed the theory when he was teaching at the Yale University. 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History of La Cosa Nostra Free Essays

Running Header: {History of La Cosa Nostra} History of La Cosa Nostra UNK Dr. Neal CJ 380 12. 01. We will write a custom essay sample on History of La Cosa Nostra or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2011 Envision a world where crime is king; a world where mobsters were more influential than political figures, controlled law enforcement, and ran cities to line their own pockets. They stole from whom they wanted and murdered those that got in their way. While it sounds like something out of a movie, it actually happened here in the United States in the first half of the 20th century. The American Mafia has evolved over the years as various gangs assumed and lost dominance: the Black Hand gangs around 1900; the Five Points Gang in the 1910s and ‘20s in New York City; Al Capone’s Syndicate in Chicago in the 1920s. Since the 1900s, thousands of Italian organized crime figures, mostly Sicilian Mafiosi, have come illegally to this country. The Italian Immigrants crowded into older lower class neighborhoods of American cities, sometimes given names such as â€Å"Little Italy†. These neighborhoods suffered from overcrowding and poor sanitary conditions. Living together in such closed communities created little more than a microcosm of the society they had left in Europe (par. 3, Black Hand). Some criminals exploited this fact, and began to extort the more prosperous Italian’s in their neighborhood creating a crime that would eventually snow-ball into an epidemic known as ‘The Black Hand’ (par. 3, Black Hand). The extortions were done anonymously by delivering threatening letters demanding money, signed with crudely drawn symbols, such as a knife or a skull. People paid the Black Hand extortionists in the fear that American law had no understanding, or power, to help them (par. , Black Hand). Many who fled here in the early 1920’s helped establish what is known today as La Cosa Nostra or the American Mafia (par. 10, FBI). La Cosa Nostra, or the LCN as it is known by the FBI, consists of different â€Å"families† or groups that are generally arranged geographically and engaged in significant and organ ized racketeering activity (par. 30, FBI). The LCN is most active in the New York metropolitan area, parts of New Jersey, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, and New England. It has members in other major cities and is involved in international crimes (par. 1, FBI). During the 1920s Prohibition era, when the 18th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution banned the sale, manufacture and transportation of alcoholic beverages, Italian-American gangs along with other ethnic gangs entered the booming bootleg liquor business and transformed themselves into sophisticated criminal enterprises, skilled at smuggling, money laundering and bribing police and other public officials (par 2, History Channel). By the end of the ‘20s, two primary factions had emerged, leading to a war for control of organized crime in New York City. The murder of faction leader Joseph Masseria brought an end to the gang warfare and in 1931 Sicilian-born crime boss Salvatore Maranzano crowned himself the â€Å"capo di tutti capi,† or boss of all bosses, in New York (par 3, History Channel). Two of the most powerful La Cosa Nostra families, known today as the Genovese and Gambino families emerged from Maranzano’s restructuring efforts. Maranzano named Luciano the first boss of what would later be known as the Genovese family. Unhappy with Maranzano’s power grab, Lucky Luciano had him murdered that same year (par 3, History Channel). Charles â€Å"Lucky† Luciano became the new leader. Luciano then masterminded the formation of a central organization called the Commission to serve as a sort of national board of directors for the American Mafia, which by then consisted of at least 20 crime families across the country (par 3, History Channel). New York, which had become America’s organized-crime capital, had been divided into five main Mafia families; everywhere else the Mafia operated, there was just one crime family per city. The Commission’s role was to set policies and mediate disagreements among the families (par 3, History Channel). In 1936, Luciano was sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison. Ten years later, he was released from prison and deported to Italy, never to return. When he was convicted, Frank Costello became acting boss (par. 49, FBI). Costello led the family for approximately 20 years until May of 1957 when Genovese took control by sending soldier Vincent â€Å"the Chin† Gigante to murder him. Costello survived the attack but relinquished control of the family to Genovese. Attempted murder charges against Gigante were dismissed when Costello refused to identify him as the shooter (par. 50, FBI). In 1959, it was Genovese’s turn to go to prison following a conviction of conspiracy to violate narcotics laws. He received a 15-year sentence but continued to run the family through his underlings from his prison cell in Atlanta, Georgia (par. 51, FBI). The Genovese family went through a succession of bosses until Lombardo, his two captains in prison and his health failing, turned full control of the Genovese family over to Gigante, the man who tried to kill Costello 30 years earlier (par. 56, FBI). Gigante ran the family from behind the scenes while pretending to be mentally ill until he was convicted of racketeering and murder conspiracy in December 1997. Gigante’s odd behavior and mumbling while he walked around New York’s East Village in a bathrobe earned him the nickname â€Å"the Odd Father† (par. 58, FBI). The other powerful New York mafia family was the Gambino Family. The Gambino family was named for its most powerful boss, Carlo Gambino, a smart, cunning individual with a fascination for the works of Prince Machiavelli. His sharp business sense, and traditional values, earned him the respect of his allies. Don Carlo was never arrested during his career as boss, and he died of natural causes in 1976, leaving brother-in-law Paul Castellano in charge of operations. From 1976 until his assassination by John Gotti in 1985, Castellano would come to be known as the â€Å"Boss of Bosses†. Big Paulie Castellano was never a mobster in the classic sense, but rather a racketeer. He didn’t even hang out with other gangsters, preferring the company of businessmen, and other â€Å"important† individuals. Castellano had few enemies, but John Gotti believed Aniello Dellacroce should have been made boss, and he had often been chastised by Castellano for dealing drugs and conducting operations without prior consultation. When Big Paulie was arrested by the FBI after bugs planted in the mobsters home had provided several hours of recorded evidence, rumors began to circulate as to whether he would rat out fellow Gambino Family members, John Gotti, now acting in lieu of Dellacroce who had recently died of brain cancer, decided it was time to plan Big Paulie’s retirement (par. 1, Gambino Family/Paul Castellano). Castellano was gunned down outside Sparks Steakhouse in Manhatten as Gottie and Sammy the Bull Gravano watched from a nearby car. Throughout the 80s, Gotti earned the nickname, the â€Å"Teflon Don†; for none of the charges brought against him would stick†¦ At least until the early 90s, when he was indicted and tried on a RICO (Racketeer Influenced, and Corrupt Organizations) case; this time facing a prosecution armed with mobster turned informant Sammy â€Å"The Bull† Gravano, who had been Gotti’s own underboss, and who provided damning testimony against his former boss, particularly about about the Castellano murder. Gotti was sentenced to life imprisonment, and later made several attempts at a second trial, all of which were denied. John Gotti died of cancer in the Springfield, Missouri federal prison hospital, on June 10th, 2002 (par. 1, Gambino Family/ John Gotti). Another of the five families is the Bonanno crime family, originally headed by then twenty-six-year-old Joseph â€Å"Joe Bananas† Bonanno, Sicilian-born and one of the youngest bosses of all time. The Bonanno War or â€Å"Banana Split† occurred when the Commission demoted Bonanno to underboss, sparking fervent family in-fighting among those who sided with Bonanno and those who sided with the new boss, Paul Sciacca. The fighting continued until 1968, when Bonanno suffered a heart attack and retired, though by this point the Commission had stripped the Bonanno family of its seat (par. 3, Investigation and Discovery). Troubles with the law have plagued the family, leading one newspaper to report that 75 of its 150 members have been indicted on various charges (par. 5, Investigation and Discovery/ Bonanno). The Columbo Family is the fourth of the five families. Following the Castellamarese War of 1929-1931, the family emerged as the Profaci family. It was headed by Joseph Profaci, without much threat to his leadership, until the 1950s. After Profaci’s death, Joseph Magliocco took over for a short time before the family was handed over to Joe Colombo, and the family bears his namesake to this day (par. , Investigation and Discovery/ Columbo). The family has been greatly depleted from its heyday, and continues to be ruled by Carmine Persico, now 73 years old, from prison with help from those family members who remain on the ground (par. 6, Investigation and Discovery/ Columbo). The Fifth Family, the Lucchese crime family, as it is known today, emerged out of the Castellamarese War of 1929-1931 , with Gaetano â€Å"Tommy† Gagliano serving as the appointed boss and Gaetano â€Å"Tommy† Lucchese as the appointed underboss. The family was known for its successful forays into industries such as trucking and clothing. Following Gagliano’s death in 1953, Lucchese took over and successfully ran the organization for many years with an excellent reputation. He never received a criminal conviction in his 44 years in the Mafia (par. 1, Investigation and Discovery/ Lucchese). By the mid-20th century, there were 24 known crime families in America, comprised of an estimated 5,000 full-fledged members and thousands of associates across the country. Prior to the 1960s, some government leaders, including FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, voiced skepticism about the existence of a national Italian-American organized crime network and suggested instead that crime gangs operated strictly on a local level. As a result, law enforcement agencies made few inroads in stopping the Mafia’s rise during this period (par. 6, History Channel). Since its beginnings La Cosa Nostra has been involved in a variety of rackets including gambling, loan sharking, labor union corruption, prostitution, and drug trafficking to name a few. Labor unions provide a rich source for organized criminal groups to exploit: their pension, welfare, and health funds. There are approximately 75,000 union locals in the U. S. , and many of them maintain their own benefit funds. In the mid-1980s, the Teamsters controlled more than 1,000 funds with total assets of more than $9 billion (par. 66, FBI). Labor racketeers attempt to control health, welfare, and pension plans by offering â€Å"sweetheart† contracts, peaceful labor relations, and relaxed work rules to companies, or by rigging union elections (par. 67, FBI). Labor law violations occur primarily in large cities with both a strong industrial base and strong labor unions, like New York, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Senator Estes Kefauver’s Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime did not out rightly expose the complete, brutal reality of the Mafia to the American public. Nor did the Appalachian incident ignite immediate action on the part of the federal government. However, something changed when dozens of Mafia bosses met one 1957 November day at Joseph Barbara’s estate to select Vito Genovese as the boss of bosses. The response by law enforcement of the past had been to try to take down the bosses. But what became evident with the realization of the existence of such a â€Å"syndicate† was that even if Mr. Big were removed, his family would remain intact; it would simply transfer hands, usually resulting in the family being renamed. New legislation would have to be of an entirely different mold in order to be of any use to law enforcement, and such a campaign wouldn’t come into play until after the death of FBI Director Edgar J. Hoover (par. 9, The Mafia and American Law). In 1970, Congress passed the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act, this proved to be a powerful tool in the government’s war on the Mafia, as it allowed prosecutors to go after crime families and their sources of revenue, both legal and illegal. During the 1980s and 1990s, RICO laws were used to convict numerous high-level mobsters. Some Mafiosi, faced with long prison sentences, broke the once-sacred code of omerta and testified against their fellow mobsters in exchange for a place in the federal witness-protection program. At the same time, Mafia membership declined as insular Italian-American neighborhoods, once a traditional recruiting ground for mobsters, underwent demographic shifts and became more assimilated into society at large (par. 7, History Channel). References GangRule. com, The Black Hand. (2011). Retrieved 6:52, December 7, 2011, from http://www. gangrule. com/gangs/the-black-hand Italian Organized Crime, (2011). The Federal Bureau of Investigation website. Retrieved 2:32, December 7, 2011, from http://www. fbi. ov/aboutus/investigate/organizedcrime/italian_mafia Mafia in the United States. (2011). The History Channel website. Retrieved 5:25, December 7, 2011, from http://www. history. com/topics/mafia-in-the-united-states. The Five Families. (2011). The Investigation Discovery website. Retrieved 2:32, December 7, 2011, from http://investigation. discovery. com/investigation/mobs-gangsters/five-families-03. html The Gambino Family. (2002). The Gambino Family website. Retrieved 6:52, Dece mber 7, 2011, from http://www. gambinofamily. com/carlo_gambino. htm How to cite History of La Cosa Nostra, Papers

The Impact Of Technology On Marketing Research †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Impact Of Technology On Marketing Research In Todays Business Environment. Answer: Introduction The procedure for the collection of relevant information for analysis and review for the purpose of decision making, policy making and a smooth running of the business is called Market research (McQuarrie 2015). There are basically two types of market research primary and secondary. Secondary market research is said to be conducted when there are data already available on the relevant topic that has to be researched upon. Secondary research sets a base for primary research and makes the process easy. Primary research on the other hand is the information that has been gathered on first hand for a specific idea. Some of the tools of primary research are interviews, filling up survey sheets, telephone survey, survey on the focused group etc (Malhotra, Birks and Wills 2013). Technology has a very important impact on the modern market research procedures it has made complicated calculations which are necessary for analysis easy; it has also has made the process fluid and much smoother. There Information and communication technology advancement has let organizations conduct market surveys on a much easy rate (Poynter Williams and York 2014). Previously technologies used to collect data Companies collect data to ensure the level of customer loyaty and custmer satisfaction. Previously to conduct a market survey telephone medium was the most updated version of technology used. A person had access to data base of the potential customers and he or she used to call individuals and talk to them and record their inputs. This has a lot of drawback, first of all most of the time people are unwilling to talk to strangers and give them time from their busy schedule to talk to them. The recorded data was hand written or was typed in computers which took a long time to process in a way that it would make sense. The analysis process of this technology was very slow paced. Face to face interview with the customers is affective for industries or businesses that have to deal directly with the customers for example: restaurant business. In this case it is feasible and people are also willing to talk to the management of a restaurant or an eatery. But this is not an option for a multi national company or a manufacturing industry. The impact that the analysis will draw from the market research has to efficient and quick in order to positively benefit the company (Babin and Zikmund 2015). Filling up questioner is also another very prevalent way of gathering information and relevant data. Previously, first the questions had to be set and then the hardcopies of the questioner were circulated among the potential or present customers and they had to fill in the answers of the questions. After that the question papers used to be individually collected and segregated (if needed) and then each question were analyzed one by one. It was a tedious task and used to take a lot of time to come to a relevant conclusion about the research (Zikmund 2013). The internet has revolutionized the way market research works. It has made the process simpler and more efficient as there is less provision for any human error in the analysis of the research. The market survey previously used to be a lengthy procedure the advent and the modern use of internet has squeezed the time as well which has in turn made policy and decision making process also rapid and smooth (Barnham 2015). IBM SPSS Data Collection Survey Reporter This software offers valuable feedbacks and insight from the customers for an organization. It comes with a flexible reporting, coverage treatment and visual solution. It assures to deliver the right information to the right person at the right time, helping them to quickly gather the importance of the results that has been calculated so that decision making process is easy, effective and smooth. Importance of research design It is basically a plan for the research that is to be conducted for a particular topic. It involves the type of research that is required, tools of research that are needed and a strategy which has to be followed in order to maintain the efficiency of the market research. For example, the strategy for market research of a restaurant or a hotel will be different form a hardware company. The nature of the business, the product or services that are offer by the organization, the scale of the business and also the objective of the research are the points that are to be kept in mind will making a research design (Norman and Verganti 2014). The design of the software is focused on interactive reporting so that the significant insights for the information gathered from the customers can be used for the betterment of the organization. As this software enables flexibility to the user to create, edit and share new variables, it helps in research design making the process much simpler. It also enables the user create filters to ensure accuracy and consistency and the new filter can be used more than one time. Sampling This is the process by which opinion of relevant groups of people are garnered to form an idea about the research that is going to be conducted. It also gives an insight about more potential customers who belong to the group that is being communicated with. Sampling distribution is crucial in research and in order to do so an individual has to be well versed with the data (Trainor 2014). As the new variables from other users can also be used, the sampling becomes simpler. The software can make reports that incorporate all data types categorical, numeric, date and time, and text. Collection and Analysis of Data The main purpose of market research is to form an insight about the topic which will further make decision making procedure easy. The collection of data via internet is a much simpler process but it involves skilled and trained individuals to operate it in a systematic way. There are two basic kinds of data analysis qualitative and quantitative. Regression, standard deviation and mean can all be used with the help of applications. Online questioner can be immediately analyzed by the website that is being after the reports are back. Inference has to done by an individual but the calculations and analysis can be done by the websites (Price, Wrigley and Straker 2015). Hypothesis testing and sample size determination is also a lot easier with the help of applications that use internet to help an individual come to a conclusion. There are new software that are being developed which require internet access to make the process easy and error free (Nunan and Di Domenico 2013). The software can create interactive cross tabulations that show focused sample in survey data, and share them with internal or external clients who can use this information to come to a conclusion about the information gathered. It also offers easy input of data and automated table creation, highlighted insights and much more. For more superior tabulation of the data, leverage IBM SPSS Statistics or IBM SPSS Modeler can also be used. Conclusion This is the virtual era and with the modernization and advancement of technology every sector of business has gained positively. Market research process with the help of internet can manage bulk information and can channelize the information gathered to the right place at the right time. The approach towards market survey has completely changed with internet it has evolved the data collection and analysis process. Internet usage helps in the creation of effective marketing mix, collection of real time data and also facilitates the work on a day to day basis. References: McQuarrie, E.F., 2015.The market research toolbox: a concise guide for beginners. Sage Publications. Malhotra, N.K., Birks, D.F. and Wills, P., 2013.Essentials of marketing research. Pearson. Poynter, R., Williams, N. and York, S., 2014.The handbook of mobile market research: tools and techniques for market researchers. John Wiley Sons. Norman, D.A. and Verganti, R., 2014. Incremental and radical innovation: Design research vs. technology and meaning change.Design issues,30(1), pp.78-96. Babin, B.J. and Zikmund, W.G., 2015.Exploring marketing research. Cengage Learning. Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B.J., Carr, J.C. and Griffin, M., 2013.Business research methods. Cengage Learning. Barnham, C., 2015. Quantitative and qualitative research: Perceptual foundations.International Journal of Market Research,57(6), pp.837-854. Nunan, D. and Di Domenico, M., 2013. Market research the ethics of big data.International Journal of Market Research,55(4), pp.505-520. Price, R.A., Wrigley, C. and Straker, K., 2015. Not just what they want, but why they want it: Traditional market research to deep customer insights.Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal,18(2), pp.230-248. Trainor, K.J., Andzulis, J.M., Rapp, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2014. Social media technology usage and customer relationship performance: A capabilities-based examination of social CRM.Journal of Business Research,67(6), pp.1201-1208.